ABSTRACT
Background: Increasing meal frequency is commonly used in the clinical practice as part of the nutritional treatment of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2), although its effect on metabolic control parameters is controversial. Aim: To evaluate the association of energy intake, meal frequency, and amount of carbohydrates with fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in a group of patients with DM2 without insulin therapy. Material and Methods: Dietary intake was evaluated in 60 subjects with DM2 through three-day food records. The meal frequency was estimated establishing the main meal times considering snacks. Results: Meal frequency was 4.7 ± 1.1 times per day. There was a positive association between glycosylated and fasting blood glucose levels (p <0.01). Meal frequency was associated with energy intake (p <0.01). When meal frequency, available carbohydrates and energy intake, body mass index and fasting plasma glucose were analyzed in a multiple linear regression model, fasting blood glucose was the variable that best predicted changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (45.5%). Meal frequency had no association with glycosylated hemoglobin. Conclusions: Meal frequency showed no association with metabolic control parameters in DM2 patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Energy Intake/physiology , Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Meals/physiology , Reference Values , Time Factors , Blood Glucose/analysis , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Linear Models , Anthropometry , Fasting , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is directly associated with insulin resistance and oxidative stress. In NAFLD is established a reduction in n-3 LCPUFA (EPA + DHA) levels and hepatic activity of transcription factor PPAR-alpha. EPA and DHA inhibit lipogenesis and stimulate fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has important antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the prevention of insulin resistance and prevention of depletion of hepatic antioxidant defense inC57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO. HFD generated insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, together with significant reduction in i) n-3 LCPUFA hepatic levels, ii) DNA binding activity of PPAR-alpha, iii) activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase), respect to control group (fed with control diet). Supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO prevent development insulin resistance and attenuate increased of fat in liver (p < 0.05), together with a normalization of i) DNA binding activity of PPAR-á, ii) activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and iii) reducing depletion of n-3 LCPUFA levels in liver tissue, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO reduced hepatic steatosis and prevent development of insulin resistance, along with preserving the antioxidant defense in liver. Projecting the use of this mixture of AGPICL n-3 plus EVOO as a potential treatment of NAFLD.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Mice , Olive Oil/therapeutic use , /therapeutic use , Diet, High-Fat , Dietary Supplements , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diet therapy , Olive Oil/pharmacology , /pharmacology , Catalase , Catalase/physiology , Liver , Oxidative Stress , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for humans and other organisms. It participates in the activity of more than 300 enzymes and in important cellular processes such as cell division and apoptosis, as well as cellular signaling. The concentration of Zn in humans is highly regulated, and alterations in Zn homeostasis have been associated with several diseases including diabetes. Zn supplementation in humans and other mammals has been associated with improved glycemic control in both type 1 and t type 2 diabetes mellitus, however the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not yet been fully elucidated. Zn appears to have a key role in insulin biosynthesis and activity, mainly by decreasing the production of certain cytokines such as IL-1beta and IL-6, associated with pancreatic beta cell death during the inflammatory process characteristic of type 2 diabetes. It also improves insulin mediated signal transduction in target cells, improving metabolic control. Zn could play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus, since a genetic polymorphism of the Zn transporter ZnT-8 may be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In this article we analyze the available information supporting the therapeutic use of Zn as a coadjutant in the metabolic control of diabetes mellitus.
Subject(s)
Humans , /prevention & control , /drug therapy , Zinc/therapeutic useABSTRACT
El propósito de este estudio fue aportar nuevos antecedentes acerca de la suficiencia y calidad de la alimentación de mujeres adultas chilenas. Se determinó en 54 mujeres el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y la calidad de la alimentación mediante su adecuación a las recomendaciones de energía y nutrientes, porciones de alimentos recomendadas por las Guías de Alimentación Chilenas y al Índice de Alimentación Saludable (ISA) adaptado. Se observó un 55 por ciento de exceso de peso, una buena adecuación del consumo de vitamina C y ácido Fólico y baja de energía, hierro, calcio, fibra. Para verduras, frutas y lácteos el consumo promedio fue menos del 50 por ciento de las porciones recomendadas. El G por ciento fue de 32.6 por ciento con un aporte de grasas saturadas menor del 10 por ciento y de colesterol menor al máximo sugerido. Sólo el 20.4 por ciento consumía una alimentación saludable. No se encontró una asociación entre IMC y consumo de energía e ISA. Se concluye que una importante proporción del grupo de mujeres estudiadas presenta una alimentación poco saludable, con un inadecuado consumo de alimentos y desequilibrios en el aporte de nutrientes.
The purpose of this study was to provide new data on the quality and adequacy of the diet of Chilean women. Body mass index (BMI) and the quality of the diet in terms of adequacy of nutrient intakes, food portions as suggested to the Chilean nutrient pyramid, and an adaptation of the healthy food index (HFI) were evaluated in a group of 54 women. Fifty-five percent of subjects had excess body weight. Adequate intakes of vitamin C and folic acid but not energy, iron, calcium, fiber were observed. Mean intakes of vegetables, fruits and dairy products were less than 50 percent of the recommended portions. F percent was 32.6 percent. Saturated fat was less than 10 percent and cholesterol intake less than maximum suggested. Appropriate values of HFI were obtained in 20.4 percent of individuals. No associations were found among BMI and energy intake and HFI. It is concluded that a high proportion of women presents less-than-adequate diets.